Cancer cells have a series of features that allow the immune system to identify and attack them. However, these same cells create an environment that blocks immune cells and protects the tumor.
This means immune cells cannot reach the cancer cells to remove them. The scientific community has been working to increase the effectiveness of the immune system against cancer by using vaccines based on dead tumor cells.
Scientists at IRB Barcelona, led by ICREA researcher Manuel Serrano, and Federico Pietrocola, now at the Karolinska Institutet, in Sweden, have studied how inducing senescence in cancer cells improves the effectiveness of the immune response to a greater degree than the dead cancer cells.
After vaccinating healthy mice with senescent cancer cells and then stimulating the formation of tumors, the researchers observed the animals did not develop cancer or that the number that do is significantly reduced. They also analyzed the efficacy of vaccination in animals that had already developed tumors. In this setting, although the results were more moderate due to the protective barrier of the tumor, improvements were also observed.
“Our results indicate that senescent cells are a preferred option when it comes to stimulating the immune system against cancer, and they pave the way to considering vaccination with these cells as a possible therapy,” said Serrano, head of the Cellular Plasticity and Disease lab at IRB Barcelona.
Different cancers
The researchers tested the technique in animal models of melanoma, a type of cancer characterized by high activation of the immune system, and also in pancreatic cancer models, which present strong barriers against immune cells. Prophylactic vaccination therapy with senescent cancer cells was effective against both types of tumors.
They also complemented the study with tumor samples from cancer patients and confirmed that human cancer cells also have a greater capacity to activate the immune system when they are previously rendered senescent.
The group is now studying the combined efficacy of vaccination with senescent cells and immunotherapy treatments.
Senescence and immune system activation
Senescence is a state of latency reached by damaged or aged cells in which they do not reproduce but do not disappear either. Senescent cells emit information signals into their environment, which warn of their presence, stimulating an inflammatory response and tissue regeneration.
In the context of cancer, the researchers led by Serrano discovered that senescent cells, due to their characteristics, are a good option for activating the immune system and improving its response to the tumor. First, because they are living cells, senescent cells remain in the body longer than dead ones and are thus able to stimulate the immune system for longer. Also, as these cells do not divide, they cannot regenerate the tumor.
“Our study concludes that the induction of senescence in tumor cells improves the recognition of these cells by the immune system and it also increases the intensity of the response they generate. So our findings are very positive,” said Inés Marín, a doctoral student from the same laboratory and first author of the study.
As observed in the study, senescent cells present unique signals, which stimulate recognition by and activation of the immune system, and which differ from those presented by cells before senescence has been induced.
Parallel discovery
The discovery made by the Cellular Plasticity and Disease laboratory has been published simultaneously and in the same journal as another article led by the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) in New York and completed in collaboration with IRB Barcelona. The latter, authored by Direna Alonso-Curbello, now head of the Inflammation, Tissue Plasticity & Cancer laboratory at IRB Barcelona, and Scott W. Lowe, reached complementary conclusions, despite studying the subject using a different approach.
The work started at the MSKCC focused on describing how the induction of senescence in tumor cells alters the molecular programs that mediate communication between the tumor and the immune system.
“Until now, most studies have focused on the ability of senescent cells to “send” inflammatory signals to their environment. Our work shows that this communication is bidirectional, revealing that senescence increases the ability of cells to “receive” signals from their environment that activate key pathways for their recognition and destruction by cytotoxic T cells,” Alonso-Curbelo said.
The work shows the ability to “receive” signals from the environment, which is increased by the induction of senescence, amplifies the anti-tumour effects of signals such as interferon, making tumor cells more visible to the immune system and reactivating anti-tumor immunity in liver cancer models.
Other diseases related to aging and those in which there is a prevalent presence of senescent cells, such as atherosclerosis, could also benefit from possible vaccines with senescent cells.
Foreign cells
The scientists at IRB Barcelona also report that senescent cells can be mistakenly recognized by immune cells as if they were foreign cells. These findings are in line with those reported by other researchers working on cells subjected to stress, which can also be mistaken as foreign cells.
The study led by IRB Barcelona was done in collaboration with the laboratories led by María Abad and Alena Gros, at the Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO) in Barcelona, and Etienne Caron, at the CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center in Canada. In addition, the Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Unit, led by Camille Stephan-Otto Attolini, and Histopathology Core Facility, led by Neus Prats, both at IRB Barcelona, also participated.
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